Some refactoring and better usage of text

The initialization order in the Application was wrong, so some code has been moved from run to the constructor.

SConstruct

@@ -10,12 +10,16 @@ def add_strict_compile_flags(env):
     env.Append(CCFLAGS=["-Wall", "-Wextra", "-pedantic", "-std=c++17"])
 
 
+def add_debug_compile_flags(env):
+    env.Append(CCFLAGS=["-g"])
+
+
 # Create the environment and create a Compilation Database for use in VSCodium
 env = Environment(tools=['default', 'compilation_db'])
 env.CompilationDatabase()
 
 env.Append(CPPPATH=['cpp/', 'include/'])
-env.Append(LIBS=['glfw', 'dl'])
+env.Append(LIBS=['glfw', 'dl', 'freetype'])
 
 add_third_party_includes(env)
 add_strict_compile_flags(env)
@@ -45,9 +49,11 @@ testEnv.Append(LINKFLAGS=[
 
 add_third_party_includes(testEnv)
 add_strict_compile_flags(testEnv)
+add_debug_compile_flags(testEnv)
 
 # Build the test programs
 catch_cpp = "test/catch_amalgamated.cpp"
 testEnv.Program('test/bin/vector-test.out', [catch_cpp, 'test/vector/vector-test.cpp'])
 
 testEnv.Program('test/bin/test-app.out', Glob('test/test-app/*.cpp'))
+testEnv.Program('test/bin/parallax-demo.out', Glob('test/parallax-demo/*.cpp'))

cpp/Application.cpp

@@ -6,12 +6,16 @@
 
 namespace Gedeng {
 
-void Application::run() {
+Application::Application(unsigned long ms_per_update, unsigned int window_size_x, unsigned int window_size_y,
+                         String window_name)
+    : MS_PER_UPDATE(ms_per_update), WINDOW_SIZE_X(window_size_x), WINDOW_SIZE_Y(window_size_y),
+      WINDOW_NAME(window_name) {
     // Setup Rendering
-    // FIXME: Make these parameters variable, maybe move this to a different function
+    RenderBackend::initialize_window(WINDOW_SIZE_X, WINDOW_SIZE_Y, WINDOW_NAME);
-    RenderBackend::initialize_window(1920, 1080, String("Application"));
     Input::initialize(RenderBackend::get_window());
+}
 
+void Application::run() {
     unsigned long previous_time_ms = Time::get_time_ms();
     unsigned long time_until_fixed_update_ms = 0.0;
 
@@ -26,13 +30,13 @@ void Application::run() {
 
         // Update fixed time step
         while (time_until_fixed_update_ms >= MS_PER_UPDATE) {
-            // Fixed Update
+            fixed_update(static_cast<double>(MS_PER_UPDATE) / 1000.0);
-            GG_CORE_INFO("Fixed Update");
             time_until_fixed_update_ms -= MS_PER_UPDATE;
         }
 
-        // Variable update
+        dynamic_update(static_cast<double>(elapsed_time_ms) / 1000.0);
-        GG_CORE_INFO("Variable Update");
+
+        RenderBackend::render();
     }
 }
 

cpp/RenderBackend.cpp

@@ -15,6 +15,11 @@ void RenderBackend::initialize_window(unsigned int width, unsigned int height, S
     window = glfwCreateWindow(width, height, title, NULL, NULL);
     glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
     gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress);
+
+    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
+    glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);
+    glEnable(GL_BLEND);
+    glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
 }
 
 bool RenderBackend::is_window_created() {

cpp/String.cpp

@@ -5,13 +5,11 @@ namespace Gedeng {
 String::String() : String("") {
 }
 
-String::String(const char *stringText)
+String::String(const char *stringText) : length(strlen(stringText)), text(new char[length + sizeof(char)]) {
-    : length(strlen(stringText)), text(new char[length + sizeof(char)]) {
     memcpy(text, stringText, length + sizeof(char));
 }
 
-String::String(const String &other)
+String::String(const String &other) : length(other.get_length()), text(new char[length + sizeof(char)]) {
-    : length(other.getLength()), text(new char[length + sizeof(char)]) {
     memcpy(text, other.c_str(), length + sizeof(char));
 }
 
@@ -116,7 +114,7 @@ const char *String::c_str() const {
     return text;
 }
 
-size_t String::getLength() const {
+size_t String::get_length() const {
     return length;
 }
 

cpp/TextLabel.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+// Must be the first include
+#include <glad/glad.h>
+
+// Other includes
+#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
+#include <glm/ext/matrix_clip_space.hpp>
+#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
+
+#include "Gedeng/Logger.h"
+#include "Gedeng/TextLabel.h"
+
+namespace Gedeng {
+
+TextLabel::TextLabel(const String &text) : text(text), shader(Shader("Shader/text.vs", "Shader/text.fs")) {
+    FT_Library ft;
+    if (FT_Init_FreeType(&ft)) {
+        GG_CORE_ERROR("Couldn't create font library!");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    FT_Face face;
+    if (FT_New_Face(ft, "Resources/Fonts/Inter.ttf", 0, &face)) {
+        GG_CORE_ERROR("Couldn't load font from path!");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Set size
+    FT_Set_Pixel_Sizes(face, 0, 12);
+
+    // Load first 128 ASCII Characters
+    glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 1); // disable byte-alignment restriction
+
+    for (unsigned char c = 0; c < 128; c++) {
+        // load character glyph
+        if (FT_Load_Char(face, c, FT_LOAD_RENDER)) {
+            GG_CORE_ERROR("Couldn't load character glyph!");
+            continue;
+        }
+        // generate texture
+        unsigned int texture;
+        glGenTextures(1, &texture);
+        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture);
+        glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RED, face->glyph->bitmap.width, face->glyph->bitmap.rows, 0, GL_RED,
+                     GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, face->glyph->bitmap.buffer);
+        // set texture options
+        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
+        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
+        // now store character for later use
+        Character character = {texture, glm::ivec2(face->glyph->bitmap.width, face->glyph->bitmap.rows),
+                               glm::ivec2(face->glyph->bitmap_left, face->glyph->bitmap_top),
+                               static_cast<unsigned int>(face->glyph->advance.x)};
+        characters.insert(std::pair<char, Character>(c, character));
+    }
+
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
+
+    // destroy FreeType once we're finished
+    FT_Done_Face(face);
+    FT_Done_FreeType(ft);
+
+    // configure VAO/VBO for texture quads
+    // -----------------------------------
+    glGenVertexArrays(1, &vao);
+    glGenBuffers(1, &vbo);
+    glBindVertexArray(vao);
+    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);
+    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(float) * 6 * 4, NULL, GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
+    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
+    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 4 * sizeof(float), 0);
+    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+    glBindVertexArray(0);
+
+    valid = true;
+}
+
+void TextLabel::set_text(const String &text) {
+    this->text = text;
+}
+
+void TextLabel::render_text(float x, float y, float scale, Vector3 color) {
+    // activate corresponding render state
+    shader.use();
+
+    glUniform3f(glGetUniformLocation(shader.ID, "textColor"), color.x, color.y, color.z);
+
+    // FIXME: We need the screen size here... (or UI module size?)
+    glm::mat4 projection = glm::ortho(0.0f, static_cast<float>(900), 0.0f, static_cast<float>(600));
+    glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.ID, "projection"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(projection));
+
+    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
+    glBindVertexArray(vao);
+
+    // iterate through all characters
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < text.get_length(); i++) {
+        Character ch = characters[text[i]];
+
+        float xpos = x + ch.bearing.x * scale;
+        float ypos = y - (ch.size.y - ch.bearing.y) * scale;
+
+        float w = ch.size.x * scale;
+        float h = ch.size.y * scale;
+        // update VBO for each character
+        float vertices[6][4] = {
+            {xpos, ypos + h, 0.0f, 0.0f}, {xpos, ypos, 0.0f, 1.0f},     {xpos + w, ypos, 1.0f, 1.0f},
+
+            {xpos, ypos + h, 0.0f, 0.0f}, {xpos + w, ypos, 1.0f, 1.0f}, {xpos + w, ypos + h, 1.0f, 0.0f}};
+        // render glyph texture over quad
+        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, ch.texture_id);
+        // update content of VBO memory
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);
+        glBufferSubData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0, sizeof(vertices),
+                        vertices); // be sure to use glBufferSubData and not glBufferData
+
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+        // render quad
+        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
+        // now advance cursors for next glyph (note that advance is number of 1/64 pixels)
+        x += (ch.advance >> 6) * scale; // bitshift by 6 to get value in pixels (2^6 = 64 (divide amount of 1/64th
+                                        // pixels by 64 to get amount of pixels))
+    }
+
+    glBindVertexArray(0);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
+}
+
+bool TextLabel::is_valid() {
+    return valid;
+}
+
+} // namespace Gedeng

include/Gedeng/Application.h

@@ -1,18 +1,34 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include "String.h"
+
 namespace Gedeng {
 
 class Application {
   public:
-    Application() = default;
+    Application(unsigned long ms_per_update, unsigned int window_size_x, unsigned int window_size_y,
+                String window_name);
 
     // Virtual since this class will be inherited by user-created applications
     virtual ~Application() = default;
 
+    // Game Loop
     void run();
 
+    // Primarily for gameplay and physics
+    // To be overridden by client applications
+    virtual void fixed_update(double delta) = 0;
+
+    // Primarily for rendering
+    // To be overridden by client applications
+    virtual void dynamic_update(double delta) = 0;
+
   private:
-    const unsigned long MS_PER_UPDATE = 20;
+    // TODO: These will probably become a separate Settings struct
+    const unsigned long MS_PER_UPDATE;
+    const unsigned int WINDOW_SIZE_X;
+    const unsigned int WINDOW_SIZE_Y;
+    const String WINDOW_NAME;
 };
 
 // To be defined in client applications

include/Gedeng/Input.h

@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@ class Input {
         glfwSetKeyCallback(window, key_callback);
     }
 
-    // FIXME: Ignore warnings produced by these unused variables -- they're required for the callback to work
+    // FIXME: Ignore warnings produced by these unused variables -- they're required for the callback to work:
+    // https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Diagnostic-Pragmas.html
     static void key_callback(GLFWwindow *window, int key, int scancode, int action, int mods) {
         if (key == GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE && action == GLFW_PRESS) glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, GLFW_TRUE);
 

include/Gedeng/Shader.h

@@ -2,7 +2,11 @@
 
 // Adapted from LearnOpenGL
 
+// Must be the first include
 #include <glad/glad.h>
+
+// Other includes
+#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
 #include <glm/glm.hpp>
 
 #include <fstream>
@@ -152,21 +156,17 @@ class Shader {
             if (!success) {
                 glGetShaderInfoLog(shader, 1024, NULL, infoLog);
                 std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER_COMPILATION_ERROR of type: " << type << "\n"
-                          << infoLog
+                          << infoLog << "\n -- --------------------------------------------------- -- " << std::endl;
-                          << "\n -- --------------------------------------------------- -- "
-                          << std::endl;
             }
         } else {
             glGetProgramiv(shader, GL_LINK_STATUS, &success);
             if (!success) {
                 glGetProgramInfoLog(shader, 1024, NULL, infoLog);
                 std::cout << "ERROR::PROGRAM_LINKING_ERROR of type: " << type << "\n"
-                          << infoLog
+                          << infoLog << "\n -- --------------------------------------------------- -- " << std::endl;
-                          << "\n -- --------------------------------------------------- -- "
-                          << std::endl;
             }
         }
     }
 };
 
-}
+} // namespace Gedeng

include/Gedeng/String.h

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class String {
     const char *c_str() const;
 
     /// Return the length of the String (without the terminator).
-    size_t getLength() const;
+    size_t get_length() const;
 
   private:
     size_t length;

include/Gedeng/TextLabel.h

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <ft2build.h>
+#include <glm/glm.hpp>
+#include <map>
+#include FT_FREETYPE_H
+
+#include "Gedeng/Shader.h"
+#include "Gedeng/String.h"
+#include "Gedeng/Vector3.h"
+
+namespace Gedeng {
+
+class TextLabel {
+  public:
+    TextLabel(const String &text = String(""));
+
+    void set_text(const String &text);
+
+    void render_text(float x, float y, float scale, Vector3 color);
+
+    bool is_valid();
+
+  private:
+    struct Character {
+        unsigned int texture_id; // ID handle of the glyph texture
+        glm::ivec2 size;         // Size of glyph
+        glm::ivec2 bearing;      // Offset from baseline to left/top of glyph
+        unsigned int advance;    // Offset to advance to next glyph
+    };
+
+    std::map<char, Character> characters;
+    unsigned int vao, vbo;
+
+    String text;
+    bool valid;
+
+    Shader shader;
+};
+
+} // namespace Gedeng

include/Gedeng/Vector3.h

@@ -2,6 +2,14 @@
 
 namespace Gedeng {
 
-class Vector3 {};
+class Vector3 {
+  public:
+    Vector3(float x, float y, float z) : x(x), y(y), z(z) {
+    }
+
+    float x;
+    float y;
+    float z;
+};
 
 } // namespace Gedeng

test/parallax-demo/main.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+#include "Gedeng/Logger.h"
+#include "Gedeng/TextLabel.h"
+#include "Gedeng/Vector3.h"
+#define GEDENG_MAIN
+#include <Gedeng.h>
+
+class ParallaxApp : public Gedeng::Application {
+  public:
+    ParallaxApp(unsigned long ms_per_update, unsigned int window_size_x, unsigned int window_size_y,
+                Gedeng::String window_name)
+        : Application(ms_per_update, window_size_x, window_size_y, window_name), number_of_steps(10.0),
+          number_of_refinement_steps(10.0), bump_depth(0.1),
+          render_shader(Gedeng::Shader("Shader/bump.vs", "Shader/bump.fs")),
+          camera(Gedeng::Camera(90, 1920, 1080, 0.1, 1000.0)),
+          albedo("Resources/Textures/PavingStones/PavingStones070_2K_Color.jpg", Gedeng::Texture::Settings()),
+          bump("Resources/Textures/PavingStones/PavingStones070_2K_Displacement.jpg", Gedeng::Texture::Settings()),
+          normal("Resources/Textures/PavingStones/PavingStones070_2K_Normal.jpg", Gedeng::Texture::Settings()) {
+        // Move and rotate the camera so we see the quad well
+        camera.translate(glm::vec3(0.0, -1.0, 1.0));
+        camera.rotate(30, glm::vec3(1.0, 0.0, 0.0));
+    }
+
+    ~ParallaxApp() = default;
+
+    void fixed_update(double delta) override {
+        // Settings for bump mapping
+        if (Gedeng::Input::is_key_down(GLFW_KEY_Q)) {
+            number_of_steps += delta * 5.0;
+        }
+        if (Gedeng::Input::is_key_down(GLFW_KEY_W)) {
+            number_of_steps -= delta * 5.0;
+        }
+        if (Gedeng::Input::is_key_down(GLFW_KEY_A)) {
+            number_of_refinement_steps += delta * 5.0;
+        }
+        if (Gedeng::Input::is_key_down(GLFW_KEY_S)) {
+            number_of_refinement_steps -= delta * 5.0;
+        }
+        if (Gedeng::Input::is_key_down(GLFW_KEY_Z)) {
+            bump_depth += delta * 0.1;
+        }
+        if (Gedeng::Input::is_key_down(GLFW_KEY_X)) {
+            bump_depth -= delta * 0.1;
+        }
+
+        Gedeng::String text;
+        text += std::to_string(number_of_steps).c_str();
+        text += " steps, ";
+
+        text += std::to_string(number_of_refinement_steps).c_str();
+        text += " refinement steps, ";
+
+        text += std::to_string(bump_depth).c_str();
+        text += " bump depth";
+
+        debug_text.set_text(text);
+    }
+
+    void dynamic_update(double delta) override {
+        glClearColor(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f);
+        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
+
+        render_shader.use();
+
+        // Camera
+        render_shader.setMat4("projection", camera.get_projection());
+        render_shader.setMat4("view", camera.get_view());
+        render_shader.setVec3("viewPos", camera.get_translation());
+
+        // Lighting
+        render_shader.setVec3("lightPos", glm::vec3(0.0, 1.0, 5.0));
+
+        render_shader.setFloat("number_of_steps", glm::max(0.0f, number_of_steps));
+        render_shader.setFloat("number_of_refinement_steps", glm::max(0.0f, number_of_refinement_steps));
+        render_shader.setFloat("bump_depth", glm::max(0.0f, bump_depth));
+
+        // Textures
+        albedo.bind_to(0);
+        normal.bind_to(1);
+        bump.bind_to(2);
+
+        // Quad which is rendered onto
+        quad_mesh.rotate(delta * 25.0f, glm::normalize(glm::vec3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0)));
+        quad_mesh.render(render_shader);
+
+        debug_text.render_text(25.0f, 25.0f, 1.0f, Gedeng::Vector3(1.0, 1.0, 0.0));
+    }
+
+  private:
+    float number_of_steps;
+    float number_of_refinement_steps;
+    float bump_depth;
+
+    Gedeng::Shader render_shader;
+
+    Gedeng::VertexBuffer vertex_rectangle;
+
+    Gedeng::Camera camera;
+
+    Gedeng::Texture albedo;
+    Gedeng::Texture bump;
+    Gedeng::Texture normal;
+
+    Gedeng::QuadMesh quad_mesh;
+
+    Gedeng::TextLabel debug_text;
+};
+
+Gedeng::Application *Gedeng::create_application() {
+    GG_CLIENT_INFO("Creating Application");
+    return new ParallaxApp(20, 900, 600, String("Parallax Demo"));
+}

test/test-app/main.cpp

@@ -4,12 +4,23 @@
 
 class TestApp : public Gedeng::Application {
   public:
-    TestApp() = default;
+    TestApp(unsigned long ms_per_update, unsigned int window_size_x, unsigned int window_size_y,
+            Gedeng::String window_name)
+        : Application(ms_per_update, window_size_x, window_size_y, window_name) {
+    }
 
     ~TestApp() = default;
+
+    void fixed_update(double delta) override {
+        GG_CLIENT_INFO("Fixed update");
+    }
+
+    void dynamic_update(double delta) override {
+        GG_CLIENT_INFO("Dynamic update");
+    }
 };
 
 Gedeng::Application *Gedeng::create_application() {
     GG_CLIENT_INFO("Creating Application");
-    return new TestApp();
+    return new TestApp(20, 900, 600, String("Test App"));
 }